A Different Day Read online

Eunice Paddio-Johnson and Clarence Reed, interview by author, tape recording, 26 June 1998

  Meg Redden (formerly Peggy Ewan), interview by author, tape recording, 8 December 1996

  Lola Stallworth, interview by author, tape recording, 24 June 1998

  Martin Williams, interview by author, tape recording, 24 November 1996

  Moses Williams, interview by author, tape recording, 24 November 1996

  John Zippert, interview by author, tape recording, 28 June 1998

  Hammond, La. Oral History Collection, Center for Regional Studies, South-eastern Louisiana University Rovan W. Stanley Sr., interview by Janie Wilkins, transcript, 19 March 1978

  Madison, Wis. State Historical Society of Wisconsin James Bell and Laura Spears, interview by Miriam Feingold, tape recording, 1966

  Royan Burris, interview by Miriam Feingold, tape recording, 1966

  Joseph Carter, interview by Miriam Feingold, tape recording, 1966

  Joseph Carter, interview by Edward Hollander, tape recording, n.d. [1966]

  Robert Hicks, interview by Miriam Feingold, tape recording, 1966

  Gayle Jenkins, interview by Miriam Feingold, tape recording, 1966

  Zelma Wyche, Harrison H. Brown, T. I. Israel, F. W. Wilson, and Moses Williams, interview by Miriam Feingold, tape recording, 1966

  A. Z. Young, interview by Miriam Feingold, tape recording, 1966

  New Orleans, La. Amistad Research Center, Tulane University Lolis Elie, interview by Kim Lacy Rogers, tape recording, 23 June 1988

  Spiver Gordon, interviewer unknown, tape recording, 14 January 1984

  Kenny Johnson, interviewer unknown, tape recording, 1988

  Rudy Lombard, interview by Kim Lacy Rogers, tape recording, 7 June 1988

  Jerome Smith, interview by Kim Lacy Rogers, tape recording, 8 July 1988

  Friends of the Cabildo Collection, New Orleans Public Library William Adams, Anthony Rachel, and Frank Wilderson, interview by Linda Jules Adams, tape recording, 28 February 1988

  Lolis Elie, interview by Langston Reid, tape recording, 29 October 1988

  Arthur Lemann, interview by Bernard Lemann, tape recording, January 1991

  Newspapers and Magazines

  AFBF News Letter

  Baltimore Afro-American

  Country Gentleman

  Crisis

  La. Delta Council News

  Louisiana Farmers’ Union News

  Louisiana Union Farmer

  Louisiana Weekly

  Madison Journal

  The Nation

  New Orleans Daily Picayune

  New Orleans Times-Democrat

  New Orleans Times-Picayune

  New Republic

  Opelousas Clarion-News

  Opelousas Daily World

  Opportunity

  Pittsburgh Courier

  Pointe Coupee Banner

  Southern Farm Leader

  St. Francisville Democrat

  St. Landry Clarion-Progress

  Survey

  Books

  Aiken, Charles S. The Cotton Plantation South since the Civil War. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.

  Anderson, James D. The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988.

  Andrews, William L. To Tell a Free Story: The First Century of Afro-American Autobiography, 1760–1865. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986.

  Aptheker, Herbert. American Negro Slave Revolts. New ed. New York: International Publishers, 1969.

  Arnesen, Eric. Waterfront Workers of New Orleans: Race, Class, and Politics, 1863–1923. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.

  Baker, Gladys. The County Agent. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1939.

  Baldwin, Sidney. Poverty and Politics: The Rise and Decline of the Farm Security Administration. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1968.

  Barnard, Hollinger F., ed. Outside the Magic Circle: The Autobiography of Virginia Foster Durr. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1985.

  Bartley, Numan V. The New South, 1945–1980. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995.

  Bartlow, John D. Louisiana Study of Rural War Production Training. State Board for Vocational Education Bulletin No. 510. Baton Rouge: [State Department of Education of Louisiana], 1943.

  Becnel, Thomas. Labor, Church, and the Sugar Establishment: Louisiana, 1887–1976. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1980.

  Berman, William C. The Politics of Civil Rights in the Truman Administration. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1970.

  ———. America's Right Turn: From Nixon to Bush. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994.

  Bernhardt, Joshua. The Sugar Industry and the Federal Government: A Thirty Year Record, 1917–47. Washington, D.C.: Sugar Statistics Service, 1948.

  Black, Earl, and Merle Black. Politics and Society in the South. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987.

  Bond, Horace Mann, and Julia W. Bond. The Star Creek Papers. Edited by Adam Fairclough. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1997.

  Branch, Taylor. Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954–63. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988.

  Brandfon, Robert L. Cotton Kingdom, of the New South: A History of the Yazoo Mississippi Delta from Reconstruction to the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967.

  Brinkley, Alan. Voices of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, and the Great Depression. First Vintage Books ed. New York: Random House, Vintage Books, 1983.

  Brundage, W. Fitzhugh. Lynching in the New South: Georgia and Virginia, 1880–1930. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993.

  Brunner, Edmund deS., and E. Hsin Pao Yang. Rural America and the Extension Service: A History and Critique of the Cooperative Agricultural and Home Economics Extension Service. New York: Columbia University Teachers College, Bureau of Publications, 1949.

  Buchanan, A. Russell. Black Americans in World War II. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Clio Books, 1977.

  Calhoun, Milburn, ed. Louisiana Almanac, 1988–89. Gretna, La.: Pelican Publishing Co., 1988.

  Calhoun, Robert Dabney. A History of Concordia Parish, Louisiana. New Orleans: Robert Dabney Calhoun, 1932.

  Carr, Robert K. Federal Protection of Civil Rights: Quest for a Sword. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1947; reprint, 1964.

  Carson, Clayborne. In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981.

  Chestnut, J. L., Jr., and Julia Cass. Black in Selma: The Uncommon Life of J. L. Chestnut, Jr. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1990.

  Clayton, Ronnie W., ed. Mother Wit: The Ex-Slave Narratives of the Louisiana Writers’ Project. New York: Peter Lang, 1990.

  Cobb, James C. Industrialization and Southern Society, 1877–1984. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1984.

  Cohen, William. At Freedom's Edge: Black Mobility and the Southern White Quest for Racial Control, 1861–1915. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1991.

  Conrad, David Eugene. The Forgotten Farmers: The Story of Sharecroppers in the New Deal. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1965.

  Cornelius, Janet Duitsman. “When I Can Read My Title Clear”: Literacy, Slavery, and Religion in the Antebellum South. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1991.

  Cotton, Barbara R. The Lamplighters: Black Farm and Home Demonstration Agents in Florida, 1915–1965. Tallahassee: U.S. Department of Agriculture in Cooperation with Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, 1980.

  Couto, Richard A. Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me Round: The Pursuit of Racial Justice in the Rural South. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991.

  Daniel, Pete. Breaking the Land: The Transformation of Cotton, Tobacco, and Rice Cultures since 1880. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985.

  ———. The Shadow of Slavery: Peonage in the South, 1901–1969. Illini Books ed. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990.
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  Dart, Benjamin Wall, ed. Civil Code of the State of Louisiana, Revision of 1870, Volume 2. 2d ed. Indianapolis, Ind.: Bobbs-Merrill, 1945.

  Dawley, Alan. Struggles for Justice: Social Responsibility and the Liberal State. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, Belknap Press, 1991.

  Dittmer, John. Local People: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Mississippi. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994.

  Draper, Alan. Conflict of Interests: Organized Labor and the Civil Rights Movement in the South, 1954–1968. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, 1994.

  Du Bois, W. E. Burghardt. Black Reconstruction: An Essay toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860–1880. 1935. Reprint, New York: S. A. Russell Co., Harbor Scholars’ Classics, 1956.

  East Feliciana Parish Sesquicentennial Committee. East Feliciana Parish, 1824–1974: Land of Seven Springs and Seven Pastures. [Clinton, La.: East Feliciana Parish Sesquicentennial Committee, 1974].

  Egerton, John. Speak Now against the Day: The Generation before the Civil Rights Movement in the South. New York: Knopf, 1994.

  Embree, Edwin R. Julius Rosenwald Fund: A Review of Two Decades, 1917–1936. Chicago: Julius Rosenwald Fund, 1936.

  Eskew, Glenn T. But for Birmingham: The Local and National Movements in the Civil Rights Struggle. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997.

  Fairclough, Adam. To Redeem the Soul of America: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference and Martin Luther King, Jr. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987.

  ———. Race and Democracy: The Civil Rights Struggle in Louisiana, 1915–1972. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1995.

  Farmer, James. Lay Bare the Heart: An Autobiography of the Civil Rights Movement. New York: Arbor House, 1985.

  Finch, Minnie. The NAACP: Its Fight for Justice. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1981.

  Finkle, Lee. Forum for Protest: The Black Press during World War II. Cranbury, N.J.: Associated University Presses, 1975.

  Foley, Neil. The White Scourge: Mexicans, Blacks, and Poor Whites in Texas Cotton Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.

  Foner, Eric. Nothing but Freedom: Emancipation and Its Legacy. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1983.

  ———. Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877. New York: Harper and Row, 1988.

  Frazier, E. Franklin. The Negro Church in America. New York: Schocken Books, 1963.

  Gaines, Ernest J. A Gathering of Old Men. New York: Knopf, 1983.

  Gaines, Kevin K. Uplifting the Race: Black Leadership, Politics, and Culture in the Twentieth Century. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995.

  Galarza, Ernesto. The Louisiana Sugar Cane Plantation Workers vs. the Sugar Corporations, U.S. Department of Agriculture, et al.: An Account of Human Relations on Corporation-Owned Sugar Cane Plantations in Louisiana under the Operation of the U.S. Sugar Program, 1937–1953. Washington, D.C.: Inter-American Educational Association, Inc., 1954.

  Garfinkel, Herbert. When Negroes March: The March on Washington Movement in the Organizational Politics for FEPC. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1959.

  Garrow, David J. Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. New York: William Morrow and Co., 1986.

  Gaston, Paul M. The New South Creed: A Study in Southern Mythmaking. New York: Knopf, 1970.

  Gates, Henry Louis Jr., ed. The Classic Slave Narratives. New York: Penguin Books, 1987.

  Genovese, Eugene D. Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made. New York: Random House, Pantheon Books, 1974.

  Gilmore, Glenda Elizabeth. Gender and Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896–1920. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996.

  Gitlin, Todd. The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage. Rev. ed. New York: Bantum Books, 1993.

  Goins, Charles Robert, and John Michael Caldwell. Historical Atlas of Louisiana. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1995.

  Goldfield, David R. Black, White, and Southern: Race Relations and Southern Culture, 1940 to the Present. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1990.

  Gottlieb, Peter. Making Their Own Way: Southern Blacks’ Migration to Pittsburgh, 1916–1930. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987.

  Green, James R. Grass-Roots Socialism: Radical Movements in the Southwest, 1895–1943. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1978.

  Greenberg, Stanley B. Race and State in Capitalist Development: Comparative Perspectives. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980.

  Griffith, Barbara S. The Crisis of American Labor: Operation Dixie and the Defeat of the CIO. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988.

  Grossman, James R. Land of Hope: Chicago, Black Southerners, and the Great Migration. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989.

  Grubbs, Donald. Cry from the Cotton: The Southern Tenant Farmers’ Union and the New Deal. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1971.

  Guha, Ranajit, ed. Subaltern Studies: Writings on South Asian History and Society, Volume I. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1982.

  Guzman, Jessie Parkhurst, ed. Negro Yearbook: A Review of Events Affecting Negro Life, 1941–1946. Tuskegee, Ala.: Tuskegee Institute Department of Records and Research, 1947.

  Hair, William Ivy. Bourbonism and Agrarian Protest: Louisiana Politics, 1877–1900. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1969.

  ———. The Kingfish and His Realm: The Life and Times of Huey P. Long. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1991.

  Hale, Grace Elizabeth. Making Whiteness: The Culture of Segregation in the South, 1890–1940. New York: Pantheon Books, 1998.

  Hall, Gwendolyn Midlo. Africans in Colonial Louisiana: The Development of Afro-Creole Culture in the Eighteenth Century. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1992.

  Harlan, Louis R. Booker T. Washington: The Making of a Black Leader, 1856–1901. New York: Oxford University Press, 1972.

  Henderson, Donald H. The Negro Migration of 1916–1918. Washington, D.C.: Association for the Study of Negro Life and History, 1921.

  Henri, Florette. Bitter Victory: A History of Black Soldiers in World War I. New York: Zenith Books, Doubleday, 1970.

  Higginbotham, Evelyn Brooks. Righteous Discontent: The Women's Movement in the Black Baptist Church, 1880–1920. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993.

  Hill, Robert A., ed. The FBI's RACON: Racial Conditions in the United States during World War II. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1995.

  Hine, Darlene Clark. Black Victory: The Rise and Fall of the White Primary in Texas. Millwood, N.Y.: KTO Press, 1979.

  Holley, Donald. Uncle Sam's Farmers: The New Deal Communities in the Lower Mississippi Valley. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1975.

  Honey, Michael Keith. Southern Labor and Black Civil Rights: Organizing Memphis Workers. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993.

  ———. Black Workers Remember: An Oral History of Segregation, Unionism, and the Freedom Struggle. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.

  Horowitz, Roger. “Negro and White, Unite and Fight!”: A Social History of Industrial Unionism in Meatpacking, 1930–1990. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997.

  Howard, John C. The Negro in the Lumber Industry. Racial Policies of American Industry Report No. 19. Philadelphia: Industrial Research Unit, Department of Industry, University of Pennsylvania, 1970.

  Howard, Perry H. Political Tendencies in Louisiana. Rev. exp. ed. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1971.

  Hunter, Tera W. To ‘Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women's Lives and Labors after the Civil War. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997.

  Hurston, Zora Neale. Folklore, Memoirs, and Other Writings. Edited by Cheryl A. Wall. New York: Library of America, 1995.

  Hyde, Samuel C., Jr. Pistols and Politics: The Dilemma of Democracy in Louisiana's F
lorida Parishes, 1810–1899. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1996.

  Jacoway, Elizabeth, and David R. Colburn, ed. Southern Businessmen and Desegregation. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982.

  Jeansonne, Glen. Messiah of the Masses: Huey P. Long and the Great Depression. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1993.

  Johnson, Charles S. Louisiana Educational Survey, Volume 4, Section 8—The Negro Public Schools. Baton Rouge: Louisiana Educational Survey Commission, 1942. (In file 5, box 182, Charles S. Johnson Papers, Fisk University Library Special Collections, Nashville.)

  Jones, Jacqueline. Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow: Black Women, Work, and the Family from Slavery to the Present. New York: Basic Books, 1985.

  Kelley, Robin D. G. Hammer and Hoe: Alabama Communists during the Great Depression. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990.

  ———. Race Rebels: Culture, Politics, and the Black Working Class. New York: Free Press, 1994.

  ———. Yo’ Mama's Disfunktional! Fighting the Culture Wars in Urban America. Boston: Beacon Press, 1997.

  Kellogg, Charles Flint. NAACP: A History of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Volume I: 1909–1920. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1967.

  Key, V. O., Jr. Southern Politics in State and Nation. New ed. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1984.

  Kirby, Jack Temple. Rural Worlds Lost: The American South, 1920–1960. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1986.

  Kornweibel, Theodore Jr. “Seeing Red”: Federal Campaigns against Black Militancy, 1919–1925. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998.

  Kousser, J. Morgan. The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, 1880–1910. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974.

  Kurtz, Michael L., and Morgan D. Peoples. Earl K. Long: The Saga of Uncle Earl and Louisiana Politics. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, 1990.

  Lawson, Steven F. In Pursuit of Power: Southern Blacks and Electoral Politics, 1965–1982. New York: Columbia University Press, 1985.